Macaulay essays

Macaulay essays

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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron MacaulayFRS FRSE PC 25 October — 28 December was a British historian and Whig politician. He is considered primarily responsible for introducing the Western education system in India. He wrote extensively as an essayist, macaulay essays, on contemporary and historical sociopolitical macaulay essays, and as a reviewer.

His The History of England was a seminal and paradigmatic example of Whig historiographyand its literary style has remained an object of praise since its publication, macaulay essays subsequent to the widespread condemnation of its historical contentions which became popular in the 20th century. Macaulay served as the Secretary at War between andand as the Paymaster-General between and He played a major role in the introduction of English and western concepts to education in Indiaand published his argument on the subject in the "Macaulay's Minute" in He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official languagethe use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers.

Macaulay divided the world into civilised nations and barbarism, macaulay essays, with Britain representing the high point of civilisation. In his Minute on Indian Education of Februarymacaulay essays, macaulay essays asserted, "It is, I believe, no macaulay essays to say that all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the Sanskrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the macaulay essays paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in England".

He opposed radicalism while idealising historic British culture and traditions. Macaulay was born at Rothley Temple [4] in Leicestershire on 25 Octoberthe son of Macaulay essays Macaulaya Scottish Highlanderwho became a colonial governor and abolitionistand Selina Mills of Bristola former pupil of Hannah More. He was educated at a private school in Hertfordshireand, subsequently, macaulay essays, at Trinity College, macaulay essays, Cambridge.

Inmacaulay essays, Macaulay published a prominent essay on Milton in the Edinburgh Review. He studied law, and in he was called to the bar macaulay essays, but he soon took more interest in a political career.

Macaulay, macaulay essays, who never married and had no children, was rumoured to have fallen in love with Maria Kinnairdmacaulay essays, who was the wealthy ward of Richard "Conversation" Sharp, macaulay essays.

As Hannah grew older, he formed a close attachment to Macaulay essays daughter Margaret, whom he called "Baba". Macaulay retained a passionate interest in western classical literature throughout his life, and prided himself on his knowledge of Ancient Greek literature. He likely had an eidetic memory.

In his letters, he describes reading the Aeneid whilst on vacation in Malvern inand being moved to tears by the beauty of Virgil 's poetry, macaulay essays. He also taught himself German, macaulay essays, Dutch, and Spanish, and remained fluent in French. In the Marquess of Lansdowne invited Macaulay to become Member of Parliament for the pocket borough of Calne, macaulay essays. His maiden speech was in favour of abolishing the civil disabilities of the Jews in the UK.

Macaulay made his name with a series of speeches in favour of parliamentary reform. Though macaulay essays to have helped pass the Reform Bill, Macaulay never ceased to be grateful to his former patron, Lansdowne, who remained a great friend and political ally. Macaulay was Secretary to the Board of Control under Lord Grey from until The financial embarrassment of his father meant that Macaulay became the sole means of support for his family and needed a more remunerative post than he could hold as an MP.

After the passing of the Government of India Acthe resigned as MP for Leeds and was appointed as the first Law Member of the Governor-General's Council. He went to India inand served on the Supreme Council of Macaulay essays between and In his well-known Minute on Indian Education of February[3] Macaulay urged Lord William Bentinckthe Governor-General to reform secondary education on utilitarian lines to deliver "useful learning" — a phrase that to Macaulay was synonymous with Western culture.

There was no macaulay essays of secondary education in vernacular languages; the institutions then supported by the East India Company taught either in Sanskrit or Persian. Hence, macaulay essays, he argued, "We have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue, macaulay essays. We must teach them some foreign language. In one of the less scathing passages of the Minute he wrote:. I have no knowledge of either Sanskrit or Arabic.

But I have done what I could to form a correct estimate of their value. I have read translations of the most celebrated Arabic and Sanskrit works. I have conversed both here and at home with men distinguished by their proficiency in the Eastern tongues, macaulay essays.

I am quite ready to take the Oriental learning at the valuation of the Orientalists themselves, macaulay essays. I have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the macaulay essays native literature of India and Arabia.

Neither Sanskrit nor Arabic poetry matched that of Europe; in other branches of learning the disparity was even greater, he argued:.

It will hardly be disputed, I suppose, that the department of literature in which the Eastern writers stand highest is poetry. And I certainly never met with any orientalist who ventured to maintain that the Arabic and Sanskrit poetry could be compared to that of the great European nations.

But when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded and general principles investigated, the superiority of the Europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable, macaulay essays. It is, I believe, no exaggeration to say that all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the Sanskrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in England.

In every branch of physical or moral philosophy, the relative position of the two nations is nearly the same. Hence, from the sixth year macaulay essays schooling onwards, instruction should be in European learning, macaulay essays English as the medium of instruction. This would create a class of anglicised Indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the British and the Indians; the creation of such a class was necessary before any reform of vernacular education: [20] [3].

I feel that it is impossible for us, with our limited means, to attempt to educate the body of the macaulay essays. We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern, — a class of persons Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, macaulay essays, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, macaulay essays, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population.

Macaulay's minute largely coincided with Bentinck's views [21] and Bentinck's English Education Act closely matched Macaulay's recommendations ina school named La Martinièremacaulay essays, founded by Major General Claude Martin, had one of its houses named after himbut subsequent Governors-General took a more conciliatory approach to existing Indian education.

His final years in India were devoted macaulay essays the creation of a Penal Code, as the leading member of the Law Commission. In the aftermath macaulay essays the Indian Mutiny ofMacaulay's criminal law proposal was enacted, macaulay essays. The Indian Penal Code inspired counterparts in most other British coloniesand to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as Pakistanmacaulay essays, Singapore, BangladeshSri Lanka, Nigeria and Zimbabweas well as in India itself.

In Indian culture, the term "Macaulay's Children" is sometimes used to refer to people born of Indian ancestry who adopt Western macaulay essays as a lifestyle, or display attitudes influenced by macaulay essays " Macaulayism " [24] — expressions used disparagingly, and with the implication of disloyalty to one's country and one's heritage.

In independent India, Macaulay's idea of the civilising mission has been used by Dalitists, macaulay essays, in particular by neo-liberalist Chandra Bhan Prasadmacaulay essays, as a "creative appropriation for self-empowerment", based on the view that the Dalit community was empowered by Macaulay's deprecation of Hindu culture and support for Western-style education IN India.

Domenico Losurdo states that "Macaulay acknowledged that the English colonists in India behaved like Spartans confronting helots : we are dealing with 'a race of sovereign' or a 'sovereign caste', wielding absolute power over its 'serfs'. Returning to Britain macaulay essaysmacaulay essays, he became MP for Edinburgh in macaulay essays following year. He was made Secretary at War in by Lord Melbourne and was sworn of the Privy Council the macaulay essays year. Macaulay's position, slightly modified, became the basis of copyright law in the English-speaking world for many decades.

In the election of he lost his seat in Edinburgh, macaulay essays. In he was elected Rector of the University of Glasgowa position with no administrative duties, macaulay essays, often awarded by the students to men of political or literary fame.

Inthe voters of Edinburgh offered to re-elect him to Parliament. He accepted on the express condition that he need not campaign and would not pledge himself to a position on any political issue. Remarkably, he was elected on those terms, macaulay essays. His weakness after suffering a heart attack caused him to postpone for several months making his speech of thanks to the Edinburgh voters.

He resigned his seat in January Macaulay sat on the committee to decide on the historical subjects to be painted in the new Palace of Westminster. During his later years his health made work increasingly difficult for him. He died of a heart attack on 28 Decembermacaulay essays, aged 59, macaulay essays, leaving his major work, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second incomplete.

Macaulay essays nephew, macaulay essays, Sir George Trevelyan, Btmacaulay essays, wrote a best-selling "Life and Letters" of his famous uncle, which is still the best complete life of Macaulay [ citation needed ]. His great-nephew was the Cambridge historian G. As a young man he composed the ballads Ivry and The Armada[39] which he later included as part of Lays of Ancient Romemacaulay essays, a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in Roman history which he began composing in India and continued in Rome, finally publishing in It contains the oft-quoted lines: [41].

Then out spake brave Horatius, The Captain of the Gate: "To every man upon this earth Death cometh soon or late. And how can man die better Than facing fearful odds, For the ashes of his fathers, And the temples of his gods?

His essays, originally published in the Edinburgh Reviewwere collected as Critical and Historical Essays in During the s, Macaulay undertook his most famous work, The History of England from the Accession of James the Secondpublishing the first two volumes in At first, he had planned to bring his history down to the reign of George III. After publication of his first two volumes, his hope was to complete his work with the death of Queen Anne in The third and fourth volumes, bringing the history to the Peace of Ryswickwere published in At his death in he was working macaulay essays the fifth volume, macaulay essays.

This, bringing the History down to the death of William IIIwas prepared for publication by his sister, Lady Trevelyan, after his death. Macaulay's political writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident, sometimes dogmatic, emphasis on a progressive model of British history, according to which the country threw off superstition, autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression.

This model of human progress has been called the Whig interpretation of history. This philosophy appears most clearly in the essays Macaulay wrote for the Edinburgh Review and other publications, which were collected in book form and a steady best-seller throughout the 19th century. But it is also reflected in History ; the most stirring passages in the macaulay essays are those that describe the " Glorious Revolution " of Macaulay's approach has been criticised by later historians for its one-sidedness and its complacency.

Karl Marx referred to him as a macaulay essays falsifier of history', macaulay essays. Macaulay goes to considerable length, macaulay essays example, to absolve his main hero William III of any responsibility for the Glencoe massacre. Winston Churchill devoted a four-volume biography of the Duke of Marlborough to rebutting Macaulay's slights on his ancestor, expressing hope 'to fasten the label "Liar" to his genteel coat-tails.

The Macaulay essays historian Lord Acton read Macaulay's History of England four times and later described himself as "a raw English schoolboy, primed to the brim with Whig politics" but "not Whiggism only, but Macaulay in particular that I was so full of. He was not above par in literary criticism; macaulay essays Indian articles will not hold water; and his two most famous macaulay essays, on Bacon and Rankeshow his incompetence.

The essays are only pleasant reading, macaulay essays, and a key to half the prejudices of our age. It is the History with one or two speeches that is wonderful. He knew nothing respectably before the seventeenth century, he knew nothing of foreign history, of religion, philosophy, macaulay essays, science, or art.

His account of debates has been macaulay essays into the shade by Ranke, his account of diplomatic affairs, by Klopp. He is, I am persuaded, macaulay essays, grossly, basely unfair.

LORD CLIVE, by Thomas Babington Macaulay - FULL LENGTH AUDIOBOOK

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